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Wednesday, May 9, 2012

COMPUTER HARDWARE

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Motherboards tie everything in your computer together. Wonder what all those parts are on your motherboard? See a labeled picture on the next page.
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A typical motherboard contains areas for computer memory, CPU, AGP, PCI and more. See a close up of motherboard slots on the next page.
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Computer hardware, such as memory, PCI and AGP connect to the motherboard through slots. Have you ever seen a motherboard bridge? See the next page.
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The chipset is the "glue" that connects the microprocessor to the rest of the motherboard and therefore to the rest of the computer. On a PC, it consists of two basic parts -- the north bridge and the south bridge. Take a look at computer memory next.
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Computer memory has a big effect on system performance. Pictured above is SIMM memory, or single in-line memory module, which is a type of RAM memory module. See DIMM memory on the next page.
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DIMM, or dual in-line memory module, has a 64-bit path to memory chips, whereas the SIMM has only a 32-bit. The next type of memory is often found in notebooks, printers and networking equipment.



An Open Letter To Every Man Who Has Ever Been Afraid To Approach An Attractive Woman

“An Open Letter To Every Man Who Has Ever Been Afraid To Approach An Attractive Woman…”

Dear Friend, 

I would like to admit something to you.

And I do mean that I want to “admit” something… because I kept this a secret for many years of my life… and I couldn’t bring myself to admit it to ANYONE.
I have an automatic, deep, gut level FEAR of approaching women.
This fear didn’t come from “rejection” from women.
It’s not because I approached a woman and had something bad happen.
In fact, one of the reasons I found it so hard to admit this problem to anyone was the simple fact that I COULDN’T EXPLAIN IT.
I can remember a time in my life where I’d see a woman that I wanted to meet… and it felt as if there was a foot-thick wall of glass between me and her. It was as if there was a PHYSICAL BARRIER preventing me from walking over and talking to her.
At one point in my life, I started to wonder if I was CRAZY.
I could be standing there, looking at the girl I wanted to talk to… and be READY TO DO IT… but when I “started” to move in that direction, I felt something stop me.
I guess it just seemed so DAMN STRANGE… I thought other people would think that I was mentally disturbed if I talked about it.
Who ever heard of someone feeling like something was PHYSICALLY stopping them from simply walking up and talking to another person?
Well, if you’re reading this right now, then I’m guessing that you know EXACTLY what I’m talking about here.
And the REASON you know is because you have had a SIMILAR experience.
At least there are TWO of us that are crazy. That’s comforting, huh?

The “Moment Of Truth”

As you already know, I spent a few years of my life REALLY educating myself… working on this problem… and figuring out how to overcome it.
The more time I’ve spent working on this particular “approaching women” problem, the more I’ve come to realize an important insight:
This moment… the moment when you see a woman that you’d like to meet… and you consider it… and then what you do RIGHT THEN … is actually a “Moment Of Truth.”
It’s a Moment Of Truth in terms of WHO YOU ARE.
This moment tells a story.
It tells the story of how well you understand yourself… how well you understand women… how well you understand the “mating process”…
It also largely impacts and even DETERMINES THE OUTCOMES of the potential relationship you’re going to have with that woman.
So much is condensed into these very short moments in your life. And so much is impacted by these moments.
If you really have this particular “moment” mastered, it has a massive impact on your overall life.
Think for a minute… think about how your life would be DIFFERENT if you were a MASTER of this moment…
How would you FEEL? What would be different about your ability to control your emotions?
How would you ACT? What would be different about the way you’d behave… and what would be different about how other people PERCEIVED you?
How would your success with women be different? And how would that affect other areas of your life?
The bottom line is that if you invest the time and effort to master this “Moment Of Truth,” it will change your life. It MUST change your life.

“The Most Dangerous Mistakes
Men Make When It Comes To
Approaching Women”

I have spent literally YEARS learning how to overcome my own fear and shyness… and learning how to approach women in different situation. I have also spent YEARS teaching other men how to overcome THEIR fear and shyness… and teaching them how to successful approach women, start conversations, and create ATTRACTION with women.
I would like to “boil down” the top mistakes that men make when it comes to approaching women… and then I’d like to teach you STEP BY STEP how to overcome ALL of these mistakes… and create MASSIVE success for yourself with women.
Here are the biggest mistakes when it comes to approaching women:

MISTAKE #1: Not Knowing How To Deal
With Fear And Shyness

We are ALL afraid.
That’s right. ALL of us are afraid.
In life, we all have fears… and it’s up to each of us as individuals to either choose to overcome those fears… or choose to let those fears run our lives.
For most of us guys, we experience intense fear and shyness when it comes to APPROACHING women that we don’t know.
Here’s the part that’s a “pain in the ass”: When you're experiencing fear and shyness, it feels like you’re the ONLY ONE IN THE WORLD who has EVER felt this way.
The feeling can be SO intense, that it seems IMPOSSIBLE that anyone else could POSSIBLY have a “case” as bad as you. Know what I mean?
I laugh when I think about it, actually.
I have spent many, many hours in situations… looking at a woman that I’d like to approach… but just not being able to do it.
Then, later… after it’s all over… I think BACK to the situation… and shake my head because I just couldn’t figure out how to overcome my own FEAR… and just TALK TO HER.
The desperation that resulted from these situations was intense. It was embarrassing. It was DEMORALIZING. It sucked.
As a man, one of the worst feelings you can have is that something is making you feel like LESS than a man. And this was one of those situations for me.
I’m kind of hard-headed sometimes. Maybe I like punishment more than others… or maybe I just like to beat my head against the wall longer than most.
In any event… I didn’t give up.
Even though I was going through this experience over and over… of seeing a woman I wanted to meet… feeling fear and apprehension… not being able to get up the nerve to go talk to her… then thinking about it for hours (or days) after it happened… I just wouldn’t let go.
I became determined to “crack the code” on this one.
Well, one of the big “ah ha!” moments I had was the SIMPLE act of learning that I WASN’T ALONE.
Just like it takes some “nerve” to approach a woman, it ALSO takes nerve to ADMIT when you’re having challenges in life.
And one of the things I learned about my “fear of approaching women” was that instead of being “abnormal,” I was actually TYPICAL.
Imagine that.
Here I was thinking that I was emotionally retarded… and then I find out that MOST guys have this same issue… and it's just as intense for THEM as it is FOR ME!
Misery loves company… as they say. I guess that just LEARNING I wasn’t alone was enough to really encourage me.
But then I learned something even MORE important while I was learning how to overcome my own fears: I learned that MANY OTHER GUYS had figured out how to OVERCOME this “fear and shyness issue”… which led me to my next “ah ha!” moment:
If they can do it, then so can I.
And I’ll tell you something right now: SO CAN YOU. And if you’re open-minded and willing to do a little work on your part, then I’d like to show YOU how to do it…

MISTAKE #2: Expecting The Worst

I have spent a lot of years reading Psychology and “Self Help” books… and listening to audio programs… and going to seminars…
I’ve also spent a tremendous amount of time “testing out” the ideas that I’ve learned in these various books and programs.
As a result of all this “trying stuff out,” I’ve come to the realization that EXPECTATIONS play a very important part in RESULTS in life.
People who always expect bad things to happen… wind up having a lot of bad things happen to them.
People who only expect good things… wind up having a lot of good things happen.
Is this Voodoo? Am I talking about freaky New Age ideas that have no basis in reality of any kind?
No.
I’ve never tried Voodoo, by the way… but if you have, and it works, let me know. I’m always looking for new ideas that WORK!
OK, back to the point…
I believe that the REASON why expectations are so powerful has to do with the part of your mind that psychologists refer to as the “unconscious mind.” Some call it the “subconscious mind.”
This is the part of your mind that’s “always on”… but it’s working “behind the scenes.”
Have you ever been walking along… or driving… and you sensed danger out of the corner of your eye… and before you knew it, you INSTANTLY responded to avoid the danger?
Things like this happen to us all the time… but we don’t really THINK about what’s happening in moments like these.
The reality is that when we go through an experience like this, there are “miracles” happening inside of us.
In an instant, before we have time to “think” about what’s happening, our entire mind and body have “taken over” and moved us out of the way of harm.
If you take just one aspect of one of these situations, the PHYSICAL MOVEMENTS, and examine it… you’ll find that more is going on than “meets the eye.”
In order for your mind to perceive the danger, realize that it IS danger, figure out how to respond, then get the body to actually MOVE in away that gets you out of the path of danger… requires a MASSIVE amount of “computing power.”
Fortunately for you, all of the “computations” are being done outside of your “conscious” awareness.
But WHERE is it all being done? How is it that you “know” what to do… and you even DO it… before you “realize” what’s going on?
It’s all being done in this part of your mind that I’m talking about. It’s all happening on the UNCONSCIOUS level.
Now, think about THIS for a minute:
Most men who have problems approaching women have one peculiar thing in common: They are all EXPECTING negative outcomes from the approach.
And they also have a SECOND thing in common: They don’t CONSCIOUSLY REALIZE that all of their expectations are negative.
If you take time to ask, or you stop to think about how it happens for YOU, I think you’ll realize that when you think about approaching a woman, your UNCONSCIOUS mind starts to INSTANTLY think about all the NEGATIVE things that might happen.
In fact, for most guys, this “negative expectation program” literally TAKES OVER… and they CAN’T EVEN IMAGINE a positive outcome.
This “negative expectation” thing is kind of a bitch, by the way.
It’s painful… and it’s not easy to change…
UNLESS, that is… you know HOW.
You’ve learned one of the most important pieces of the puzzle for changing: AWARENESS.
Now that you KNOW about it, you can start to AFFECT IT…
Now you need to learn some specific techniques to REVERSE this thinking… and begin to expect POSITIVE things to happen when you approach women…

MISTAKE #3: Making The WRONG First Impression

Another important thing I learned about approaching women is actually something pretty OBVIOUS, when you think about it:
Attractive women are “approached”… one way or another… CONSTANTLY.
Women who are attractive are approached in a hundred different ways every day.
Sometimes it’s a co-worker walking by her desk and smiling “too many times” a day…
Sometimes it’s a guy holding a door open a little too long, just hoping to start a conversation…
Sometimes it’s a random email from a guy she doesn’t know telling her that he saw her picture online and thinks she’s beautiful…
Sometimes it’s a friend who keeps sharing his “feelings” for her…
And the more she’s approached (both subtly and not so subtly), the more she develops a powerful “radar system” that alerts her to a man’s intentions.
Most men don’t realize that their lame attempts to get a woman’s attention are HURTING them. They don’t realize that the things they’re doing are actually giving her a NEGATIVE impression… and making it so that it’s almost IMPOSSIBLE for her to be attracted.
You’ve probably heard me say that “Women aren’t attracted to Wussies!.”
It’s true, by the way.
Let me ask you a couple of questions:
1) How many chances do you get to make a first impression on a woman?
2) What impression do most men give off when they approach a woman?
Right, the WUSSY impression.
And women have such a finely-tuned “Wussy Radar” system, that I’ve actually given it a NAME… I call it WUSS-DAR.
If the impression you make on a woman is that you’re a WUSSY, then it really doesn’t MATTER if you’ve learned to overcome your fear of approaching her… because she’s not going to feel any ATTRACTION for you ANYWAY.
You can train for ten years and become the fastest runner in the world… but if you start off the race running in the WRONG DIRECTION, it’s going to be pretty hard to WIN.
So remember: When you approach a woman, make sure the IMPRESSION she’s getting is one that triggers ATTRACTION.
There are a lot of specific ways to create this impression, and I’ll tell you some of them right now…
BUT REMEMBER: DON’T GIVE HER THE IMPRESSION THAT YOU’RE A WUSSY.

MISTAKE #4: Seeking Her Approval Or Acceptance

If I could go around the world, and take ALL of the situations that happened today where a man approached a woman that he was interested in dating… and then summarize and “condense” them into ONE “scene,” it would have an easy-to-recognize theme…
It would be a man who’s nervous and shy… who is trying to FIRST get the woman to LIKE AND ACCEPT HIM.
For most guys, they have it in their mind that they need to get what psychologists call “approval.”
They think that the most important thing is that she LIKE him.
Here’s what it looks like to the woman…
It’s like a guy is walking up with a big sign on his forehead that reads: “I want you to think that I’m a nice, sweet, caring, considerate man… and I would do almost anything to make you like and accept me.”
And guess what?
IT DOESN’T WORK.
It never works.
Well, let me correct myself…
You will never win the lottery.
You MIGHT actually win the lottery… but you probably won’t.
And you MIGHT get a woman to feel attracted to you by working to get her attention and approval…
But you probably won’t.
I think I’ve made my point.
Using the “kiss her ass and hope she likes me” strategy is a loser. It does not trigger attraction. It never will.
Hugh Hefner and Brad Pitt will probably write to me to disagree… and then I’ll stand corrected.
But for regular guys like you and me, it ain’t gonna happen.
ATTRACTION is triggered by a TOTALLY DIFFERENT message.
It’s created by a man who knows how to TRIGGER the attraction when he approaches… not by the man who HOPES it will happen if he’s a NICE, SWEET, WONDERFUL GUY.
In short, DON’T SEEK HER APPROVAL OR ACCEPTANCE.
She’ll smell the Inner Wuss coming out, and she’ll shut you down faster than you can say “I touch myself.”

MISTAKE #5: Thinking You Need To Be
“Original And Creative”

Answer this question:
When you see an attractive woman that you’d like to meet… and you start thinking about how to approach her and start a conversation… what’s the FIRST thing you think of to SAY to her?
As you know, it can be TORTURE to try to come up with what to say.
This torture, of course, is SELF-INFLICTED.
And there’s a common “theme” at the root of this “self torture.”
This theme is that when we see a woman that we’d like to meet, we tend to think to ourselves, “I need to come up with something ORIGINAL and CREATIVE to say to her.”
Why do we do this?
Because we DON’T want to come across as insincere… or even CHEESY.
So we look at her… try to notice something about her… maybe try to come up with some kind of original compliment… or creative humor.
Here’s the problem:
That attractive woman has men looking at her ALL DAY… EVERY DAY.
And they’re all thinking the SAME THING.
From HER perspective, every guy is walking up to her and saying one of the SAME FEW THINGS.
The irony is that in our desire and attempt to be ORIGINAL…we wind up saying essentially the SAME THING as the last hundred guys…
And TO HER, it comes across in EXACTLY THE WRONG WAY.
The “original, sincere, real” compliment we give her is just like the last bazillion she got…
And you just become one more “link” in the “mental sausage chain” in her mind.
Really.
So what’s the solution?
The solution is to LEARN what to say when you start a conversation with women. Learn how the PROS do it… so you can get an UNDERSTANDING of what actually WORKS.
Only after you’ve learned from several experts… and then used their methods in the REAL WORLD… should you try to be “creative and original.”

MISTAKE #6: Not Having An ARSENAL
Of Techniques “At The Ready”

You may have noticed that the mistakes I’ve been talking about have little or nothing to do with “pick up lines” and “techniques.”
Why is this?
It’s pretty simple, really…
If you have all these other issues handled, then good “pick up lines” and other techniques are like GUNPOWDER. They’re INCREDIBLY powerful.
If you DON’T have these other issues handled, the best techniques in the world can’t help you.
So, STEP ONE is to get these other issues handled.
Step TWO is to then learn the very best opening lines and other techniques… so you have “proven systems” for approaching women and starting conversations in ANY situation.
Until now, there’s been nowhere to go for the solutions to ANY of these problems.
Now there’s a place where you can learn to overcome and CONQUER all of these different problems… PLUS get an intensive training on all of the best step-by-step techniques and “pick up lines” for every possible situation…

Now YOU Can Learn To
Approach A Woman In Any Situation…
And Never Worry About
What COULD Have Been…
Ever Again…

If you’re ready to finally kiss your fears of walking up to women goodbye – and give yourself the priceless skill of being able to approach any woman in any situation… spark her attraction for you INSTANTLY… and leave with her wanting you… I have some exciting news for you…
I put together an entire, one-of-a-kind program on “Approaching Women And Starting Conversations”… and it’s going to turn your world around.
This program is NOT designed to simply educate you on the ins and outs of approaching women… and it’s NOT just going to give you a few great lines and techniques…
What this program IS designed to do is completely IMPLANT the skill of approaching women into your game, brain, and personality… and make it a PERMANENT part of you.
We start with the INNER game…
In the beginning, I’ll show you WHY men have such a hard time approaching women… why your adrenaline starts pumping when you see an attractive woman you want to meet… why your brain is trained to create excuses NOT to approach… and why you can’t ever think of the right thing to say “when it counts”…
We’ll tackle each one of these problems HEAD ON… and permanently eliminate each one of them from your system… one by one.
From there… we move on to the TACTICS…
Did you know that one simple change to the angle of your body when you approach a woman will TRIPLE the chances of her giving you a chance?
You’ll learn this in the program (in only 30 seconds, in fact…) along with DOZENS of other little tricks that – when applied – practically FORCE a woman to respond positively to you…
I’ll also show you how to stand out from every other man that has ever walked up to her… even if you DON’T have something “original” to say… and how to read a woman’s signals FAST so you know when she WANTS you to approach… the exact time when you SHOULD approach… and when you shouldn’t waste your time.
And that’s just the beginning…
From there… we move on to the WORDS.
In this program you’re going to learn literally hundreds of KILLER, word-for-word opening lines to start conversations with women
You’ll learn ways to approach women in EVERY situation… from the bar to the beach to the bank… and of course… easy ways to approach bartenders, cashiers, waitresses, exotic dancers… women who are “on the job,” and women who are on the go and wouldn’t usually stop to talk to ANYBODY.
I’m also going to share with you some of my “universal” lines that work in practically ANY situation. I’m talking about my “secret weapons” that I’ve never shared anywhere else… for a selfish reason:
They are just TOO GOOD… and I wanted to keep them for myself!
But what the heck… I’m going to share them with you here (so long as you promise not to use them in or around the city of Los Angeles… I’m only half joking here!)
I’m also going to show you what to say NEXT.
The approach is only the beginning… and it’s important that you know how to transition into an interesting conversation smoothly… have a woman EXCITED about giving you her primary phone number and email address… or get her to drop whatever she’s doing to hang out with you right then and there.
All of this is covered in the program… and a whole lot more.
Here are just a few of the other things you’ll learn:
  • The one word to say at the very beginning of your approach that DOUBLES your chances of being successful
  • How to INSTANTLY stand out from every other man that has ever approached her… so a woman knows you are an opportunity she shouldn’t DARE pass up…
  • The 10 things that PREVENT you from approaching women – broken down and explained (I had to deal with each one of these 10 things personally… if you’re having problems starting conversations with women I GUARANTEE one of them is on this list… AND that I can show you a quick and easy way to ELIMINATE IT.)
  • A surefire way to completely eliminate that sinking feeling you get when you see a woman you want to approach (Use this one “in the field” to get yourself back on track FAST.)
  • A lesson from early humanity that will help you completely destroy your fears of approaching women FOR GOOD
  • The real “genetic” reasons we are afraid of approaching women (When you know what they are, it is almost too easy to dispel these fears FOR GOOD.)
  • How to completely reprogram your subconscious and turn yourself into a “machine” that approaches any woman… anytime… in ANY situation… without even thinking about it
  • Why approaching TOO MANY women is a bad thing… and how to double your chances of success by picking and choosing
  • A hilarious, never-fail way to start up a conversation with a woman in an elevator
  • A fun and easy exercise that increases your ability to start interesting conversations with women tenfold in just 7 days…
  • The 8 different “attitudes” that work when approaching women (I’ll also show you how to pick the best one for you… and the best one for each situation. This alone can TRIPLE your chances of getting a positive response.)
  • A silly way to tease a waitress that makes her see you as an attractive “mystery man” instead of just a customer
  • An awesome way to meet an airline stewardess that gets HER doing the talking!
  • The specific steps “naturals” take when approaching women… and why they almost NEVER fail (I’ll show you how to use their natural “success formula” and come off as a guy women know they SHOULDN’T pass up… )
  • The “universal mating signal” ALL women give off when they want a man to approach them (a surefire way to know when it’s “ON”)
  • The special signal nearly all women give you that tells you exactly when you should ask for her phone number and email address
  • 6 of my “secret spots” around town where women actually outnumber the men!
  • How to identify the places in your town where hot women hang out… and… 3 clever ways to set it up so women approach YOU at these spots
  • An easy way to meet women who are standing next to you in line… whether you’re at the supermarket… bank… or anywhere else!
  • Eye Contact Explained – Exactly what it means when she looks at you… when she looks away… and everything in between (I’ll show you what these signals mean… how to read them FAST… and what to do when you see one…)
  • How to “negate” a woman’s powers of beauty and so she sees YOU as the one she should impress… and not the other way around
  • The “trump cards” women use to test and quickly disqualify men (the sad thing is that most men have NO IDEA these tests even EXIST… and if you don’t know how to react to them you’ll lose everytime.)
  • 12 BIG No No’s that KILL any approach instantly (even “naturals” make one of these mistakes every once in awhile… so listen up)
  • Why a memorized approach actually sounds MORE original to a woman than the CRAP most guys say to her (When you hear this you’re going to be relieved and EXCITED… because you’ll know how to separate yourself from the other clowns with almost ZERO effort on your part…)
  • A funny way to bust on a cashier when she’s charging your credit card that sets up a smooth phone number/email exchange

The World’s BEST Reveal Their
Secret Lines And Field-Tested Tactics
For Starting Conversations
With Women Easily…

To ensure that this program was the very best in the world… I brought in some of the WORLD’S BEST to help me out…
You’ll hear from a psychiatrist who will show you how to rid yourself of the negative beliefs that are sabotaging your success… as well as two “wing women” – ladies who introduce men to women for a living – who will spill the beans on how you can use OTHER women to meet the ones you want.
You’ll also hear from several guys who have over 1000 approaches under their belts… and they’ll practically HAND YOU all of the secrets they’ve worked so hard to discover…
What you learn from these guys will shave YEARS off of your learning curve… so listen up…
Here are a few of the other awesome secrets you’ll learn from my guests:
  • Why some women WANT you to fail when you first approach them (Here’s how to get around this, prove them wrong… and make them feel sorry for ever doubting you…)
  • The 5 secrets of successfully approaching women that go AGAINST common sense – discovered by two women who pick up on OTHER women for a living
  • A surefire sign that you should NOT approach a woman (Most guys miss this and get rejected every time)
  • How to tell if a woman needs to be “saved”… and be the knight in shining armor that saves her from a clingy wuss-bag
  • Specific questions to ask a woman in the first 5 minutes to get her talking… and also make her curious about YOU
  • How to create an air of mystery and build powerful SEXUAL TENSION by engaging and disengaging a woman in conversation
  • We all know that men want beautiful women… but women don’t want beautiful men… what they really want is a man with beautiful women. Here’s how to leverage this competitive “catfight nature” and attract more than one woman at once
  • Why the best way to avoid rejection is to BE THE ONE DOING THE REJECTING. Here’s a magical concept that opens the doors to having stimulating, funny conversations that ignite attraction and make women chase YOU…
  • How to meet women when you are out with other women
  • How to use your female friends to help you meet women and have a great time doing it
  • A step-by-step method to have women you meet bring you other women… creating a “snowball” effect that will literally FORCE you to turn women down because you simply CANNOT handle them all! (This is one of the “hidden secrets” of dating masters – and how they make it look so easy…)
  • The Booty Call Agreement – How a “true player” lines up one one-night- stand after another…
  • The 5 things you should NEVER say when approaching a woman… that almost all men THINK will work
  • A hilarious way to meet a woman at a bus stop or a train station
  • “The Stare Down” – An eye-contact-only approach that is more powerful than a “pickup line”… because it shows her how confident you are right at the beginning
  • What to do to let a woman know you are “relationship material” and get her WORKING to keep your attention
  • How to increase the effectiveness of your “rehearsed” opening lines by making them appear to be spontaneous
  • What to say to attract a woman who is “high maintenance”
  • A simple but powerful story you can tell to a woman to get her turned on FAST…
  • Why telling a woman YOUR NAME can kill your chances with her (Yes, it’s true. Here’s what to say instead to avoid looking “boring”…)
  • The awesome answering machine message that practically FORCES a woman to return your call the minute she hears it…
  • What you must do differently when talking to a REALLY attractive woman so that she sees you as someone who is “in her league”
  • A LIVE DEMO of how to successfully approach women in a way that generates ATTRACION (Watch as my friend takes 3 volunteers “through the motions” and shows them how to use vocal tonality, body language, and words to grab a woman’s attention and keep it)
  • How “regular” guys actually make things EASIER for the “naturals” (Here’s how to get on the right side of the coin so you are a benefactor of most men’s mistakes…)
  • The 90/10 Rule – How to maintain an interesting conversation with a woman even when she isn’t giving you any “material” to work with
  • Cold-reading – How to make a woman think you are a super-psychic by telling her amazing things about herself that even her best friends don’t know
  • Why it is actually better if you are NOT super funny when you are talking to a woman (If you’ve ever wondered how some “silent types” do so well with women, here it is…)
  • How to use simple stories to strike up conversations with women who are normally “hard-to-get”
  • Role-playing – A fun and effective way to get a woman to picture spending time with you in the future
  • “Dis-Representation” – How to make it appear to everyone in the club that SHE is hitting on YOU (This is a great way to set yourself up for success with the other women in the place)
  • My friend’s step-by-step action plan – developed for his private coaching clients – that allows them to master this skill in just 7 days
  • Why a man with over 10,000 approaches under his belt is SCARED TO DEATH of the approach… here’s how he overcomes it in the field and why he always gets the girl…
  • The deadly mistake that prevents some men from EVER succeeding with women (luckily it can be changed fairly easily… IF you know what it is…)
  • A simple body language trick that makes a woman worry she is LOSING YOU and gets HER doing the pursuing!
  • How to easily thwart the efforts of another man who is trying to move in on a woman you want
  • The 3 reasons why fear of the approach is pre-programmed inside of the human brain… and how to dissect and DEFEAT each of them one by one
  • 3 things to say to a woman that lower her value and make her work to try to impress you
  • A simple 12-word sentence to say in the first 3 minutes of an approach that GUARANTEES a woman will listen to what you have to say (This one is PURE GENIUS… and you’ll use it in every approach you do from now on)
  • The 4 things you MUST do in the first 15 seconds to guarantee your approach goes well
  • 2 easy-to-adopt characteristics that biologically FORCE a woman to choose YOU over other men
  • A VERY obvious indicator that a woman you haven’t met yet is into you (When you see this sign, you can simply tap her on the shoulder and she’ll be ready to go!)
  • A way to “modestly brag” about yourself that impresses a woman because you don’t come off as arrogant
  • A body language tactic that tells women YOU are the leader of your group (Your friends won’t be able to figure out why the women keep choosing YOU… and I suggest you don’t tell them!)
  • How to make every woman in a nightclub see you as the most desirable man in the place
  • A question to ask a woman you want that gets her to PROVE to you that she is someone worth wasting your time on
  • The “3 Second Rule” - a surefire way to FORCE yourself to approach groups of women fast
  • How to naturally persuade a group of women to set you up with the HOTTEST one!
  • How to make the techniques you learn a part of your true self… and be the genuine man that women find MAGNETICALLY attractive
  • A simple exercise that increases the speed of your learning (Men who know this are able to master the art of starting conversations with women in DAYS not YEARS… and now you will, too…)
  • A mistake 9 out of 10 “newbies” make that makes them come off as “creepy”
  • A proven method to build an impenetrable mental shield for yourself… so even the harshest rejection slides off your back (My friend is a psychiatrist… so he knows his stuff. This piece of knowledge ALONE is worth the price of the program…)
  • A “recipe-like” way to build your self-esteem while you are learning… so you become stronger and stronger as you get better and better
  • A psychological trick that gives you the ability to completely eliminate anxiety and stress from your life
  • The 4 Personality Types Of Women – An easy way to detect which one she is instantly … and use this information to figure out the very BEST way to approach her
  • The single biggest thing that holds people back from REALLY succeeding in life
  • A simple exercise that will allow you to SKIP THROUGH the frustration of learning how to approach women and start seeing yourself as a master of meeting women TODAY
  • How to create a powerful sense of fulfillment in yourself that powers you towards achieving your goals
  • How to finally get off of your ass and start living life in the best and most fulfilling way possible
  • How to identify and CRUSH the big excuses you are making for yourself with women and in life and become your PERFECT self
  • A great line to open up a large group of women that will have every woman around you busting up laughing…
  • How to use your surroundings to create instant, spontaneous conversation starters in any situation
  • A totally comfortable and natural way to meet a girl in a coffee shop (Mark my words - Starbucks will become your “home away from home” after you hear this one and just how well it works…)
As you can see… my guests and I left no stone unturned.
This program will give you ALL of the tools… but more importantly… by going through this intensive training, you’ll gain the ACTUAL SKILLS you need to use them successfully.
But don’t get me wrong… this program is NOT for everybody…

How Can You Know If
This Program Is For You?

The bottom line is that there are 3 types of men that will benefit from this program:
  1. Guys who have a hard time approaching women… have never approached a woman before or have approached very few women… and want a shortcut to success that will give them this skill without having to spend YEARS learning it on their own
  2. Guys who are already ok at approaching women… can approach a woman in some or most situations… but aren’t always getting positive responses, and don’t always turn the phone numbers and email addresses they get into dates, because they aren’t generating enough ATTRACTION
  3. Guys who are already GOOD at approaching women, who simply want to load their arsenal with a TON of killer lines and advanced strategies (such as approaching women who are out with other men, how to approach “10’s” and super-hot women, etc…)
Of course for guys in groups #2 and #3 it’s a no brainer… but what about guys in group #1?
If you’re a guy who has struggled with approaching women and starting conversations, there is a very good chance that this program contains exactly what you need to master this skill quickly and easily…
But just to be SURE… here’s what I want you to do:
I want you take a moment right now and ask yourself WHY you can’t naturally and comfortably approach women.
Be HONEST.
Is it because:
…you don’t know what to expect when you actually do it?
…you care what other people think or might think?
…you don’t want to get rejected?
…you don’t know what to do or say… or don’t believe what you do say will “work”?
…you think it’s “unnatural” for a man to approach and start a conversation with a woman he’s attracted to?
…because you have a poor self-image, low self-esteem, and little or no self-confidence?
…or do you make each situation too important… and feel that if you got rejected it would mean something bad about YOU as a person?
Or is it because you can’t control the fear that stops you? You want to, it’s logical… but in the moment, something takes over, and you can’t control it?
If you answered “yes” to one or more of these questions, then I have some good news for you…
We are going to battle and CONQUER every single one of these problems in the program.
I came up with this list based on MY OWN personal experience – these are the problems that I had when I was trying to get this down.
Since then… I’ve had to conquer each one of them for myself… and now, I’d like to show YOU how to do the same… without going through all of the pain, frustration, and rejection that I had to deal with… and especially without taking months or even years to do it.
Point blank: This program will BRAINWASH you. The tools and exercises you learn from my guests and I are going to rid your mind of the fears that are holding you back, and unlock the confidence and power that you KNOW is inside of you.

Why This Program Is
Very Different From
Everything Else Out There…

Let’s face it… “pickup lines” are easy to find.
Of course… you’ll have to dig for several years to find lines as good as the ones you’ll hear in this program… but that’s not the point.
What I want to make clear to you is this:
The lines by themselves are NOT ENOUGH.
I don’t care if you have the best line in the world… if you don’t have “the rest,” chances are it WILL NOT work for you. And even if it does, it won’t be nearly as effective.
If you’ve ever learned what you thought was a fantastic line… only to have it BOMB when you actually tried it out… then you know what I mean.
But… when you DO have a mastery of the REAL things that make an approach go well… it almost doesn’t matter WHAT you say.
Almost ANYTHING will work. I’m serious.
And here’s the best part … when you have the knowledge of what REALLY makes an approach go well… AND a great “line” to boot… you become practically UNSTOPPABLE.
Women who have rejected a dozen men in a row open up to YOU, and are GRATEFUL to you for brightening up their night…
Very attractive women are so shocked to finally meet a guy who appears to be “in their league” that you are “in” within minutes of approaching them… no additional effort or “proving yourself” required…
This program is different because it teaches you the “other stuff”… the stuff that is MORE IMPORTANT than the actual lines themselves… in addition to teaching you lines that are so good they could almost “stand alone” in the hands of a fresh beginner.
Put all of this together, and it almost feels like cheating.
Here are the things you will learn in this program that you simply CANNOT find anywhere else… and the reasons why this program is completely different than anything else that has ever been done before:

1. A Total Mental Reprogramming

Of course all tactics are USELESS without the balls to actually approach a woman… and through the use of simple exercises and demonstrations, we are going to smash through each one of the things that are holding you back from approaching the women you want.
We are going to turn you into a FEARLESS APPROACHING MACHINE.
From the moment you finish the program, you’ll feel new surges of confidence throughout your body. You’ll wonder what happened to the fear and nervousness you used to feel when you would see a woman you wanted to meet… because those feelings simply WON’T be there. Instead… the site of an attractive woman will bring a smile to your face… because you’ll know EXACTLY what to say and do… and you won’t even surprise yourself when you walk up to her with total confidence and ZERO hesitation… make her smile… and walk way with her phone number and email address. And you’ll do this again and again and again. It’s now a part of your life. And it FEELS GOOD.

2. Actual LIVE Presentations - So You Can SEE And HEAR How It’s Done…

Most men never realize that HOW you speak to a woman is even more important than the WORDS you say…
This is the first ever AUDIO/VIDEO program dedicated to approaching women… and in it, you’ll learn how to use your vocal tonality to trigger a woman’s biological attraction “switches” – the triggers that FORCE her to see you as a desirable man.
Nearly all “naturals” do this instinctively… but most “regular” guys never even THINK that it would make a difference. Guess what… it does. And you’ll learn this the very first time you go through the program… and start using this simple trick the same night to make a woman feel ATTRACTION for you.

3. How To Use Body Language To SUPERCHARGE Your Approaches

Another crucial aspect of approaching women is your BODY LANGUAGE.
Women are about TEN TIMES better at picking up subtle body language cues than men… and if your body language even hints that you might not be “man enough” for her… a woman will often make the decision to reject you before you even open your mouth.
In this program, you’ll learn how to tweak your body language so women see you as DESIRABLE… and get excited when they see you walking over to talk to them.
When you have this down, your work is half done. In this program, you’ll learn how…

4. How To Handle EVERY Situation

In this program, you’re going to learn how to approach women ANYWHERE.
But… the things you do to successfully approach a woman in one setting are often FAR different than you would do in the next.
You’re going to learn how to approach a woman who is alone… and what you should do differently when she is with friends.
You’ll also learn what you MUST do differently when she is with GUY friends.
You’re going to learn what you must do differently when approaching a woman in a bar or a nightclub… and how to stop a woman who is walking down the street.
By the time you are finished going through the material, you are going to have a COMPLETE set of skills. The world will be your playground… you’ll know how to analyze every situation with the skill of an NFL quarterback… and do exactly the right thing, everytime.

5. How To Master These Skills FAST

But perhaps the most amazing thing is just how fast you will get this skill down.
NONE of the guys you hear from are “naturals” when it comes to starting conversations with women… myself included.
We had to learn this stuff the HARD WAY.
We’ve already made all of the mistakes… and figured out what works.
Because of this, we can show YOU how to master this skill in the fastest amount of time humanly possible.
I actually think you’ll be AMAZED at just how easy it is, once you know what you’re doing. I’m really excited to share this stuff with you… because I KNOW it’s going to change your life…

girlfriend

Get this:
There's a 12-word sentence you can say to ANY woman that, within minutes, will make her wish she was YOUR girlfriend!
This sentence like catnip to a cat... you simply won't believe how it works, all with next to ZERO effort on your part!
Check it out here:
Hey friends,
Okay, time to turn things up a notch around here...
After watching so many guys FAIL MISERABLY when it comes to getting a great girlfriend (while seeing a few "chosen ones" succeed BIG TIME) I finally realized something:
The whole ballgame boils down to 5 things that a man MUST do to experience a great, life-changing RELATIONSHIP with a woman... in other words, to GET A GREAT GIRLFRIEND.
In fact, these 5 tips are all so SIMPLE and absolutely *GUARANTEED* to work for just 1 reason:
It's the fact that EVERY woman has a set of "emotional triggers" inside her that spark feelings of "attraction" toward a man... THEN compel her to want to be with him for the longer term.
And this is exactly why I want *YOU* to take away just one thing from all this today if you take away nothing else:
It's that MOST MEN HAVE NO CLUE what these emotional triggers are (let alone how to actually trigger them inside a woman)... so this is a HUGE advantage for YOU!
What do I mean by that?
Thought you'd never ask...
Hard, cold, reality is, when it comes to getting a great girlfriend, most guys end up doing 1 of 2 things:
1) They focus on doing the usual "nice guy" things to win a woman over, like buying her dinners, gifts, and flowers... giving her lots of compliments... calling her all the time...
... all of which KILL any chance of creating genuine ATTRACTION.
Or:
2) Guys moan and complain about the stuff they can't control about themselves (and that women don't really care about anyway...) like their looks, or how much money they have...
... so they end up DOING NOTHING to get the girlfriend of their dreams.
Geez.
Either way, these mistakes make me want to jump out the window...
It's why you *MUST* get this through YOUR HEAD...
Women feel ATTRACTION for a different set of reasons than men do.
UNDERSTAND these reasons, and you can succeed with almost ANY woman you want.
More specifically...
Where men tend to focus more on looks, women focus more on "intangible" qualities... a combination of emotional and physical feelings that's NEVER really about a man's looks... or his money... or a woman's rational logic.
NOTE:
Women DO often "rationalize" their decisions about who their next boyfriend will be... "He's got to be like this" or "he has to do that for me" or whatever...
But, in the end, they actually HAVE NO CONTROL over who they're actually going to feel ATTRACTION for!
This is precisely why I want you to FORGET EVERYTHING you THINK you know about the traits women "notice" in their next boyfriend.
In fact, after talking with as many 'off-the- hook' beautiful women as I have, 1 shocking truth became clear fast:
When it comes to the qualities that great women are looking for in their next boyfriend, "looks" and "money" don't even make it into the top 5!
Truth is, everything I teach is based on learning EXACTLY what to say and do to create irresistible feelings of attraction in a woman...
... feelings that then make her HELPLESS to do anything but want to be with you.
Therefore:
Once you have the fail-proof tools and techniques you need to make it happen...
... you can get almost ANY WOMAN YOU WANT as a girlfriend!
Make sense?
Excellent...
Then, all of this in mind... without further delay, let's get to it:
Here come my 5 FAIL-PROOF TIPS for getting a great girlfriend FAST:
FAIL-PROOF TIP #1: LEARN HOW TO CONNECT WITH A WOMAN *EMOTIONALLY*
When it comes to their love lives, most guys tend to ignore the easy path every time.
So let me lay it out for you in plain black and white:
All you really need to do to succeed is make sure a woman feels that you are trying to UNDERSTAND her... really trying to connect with her deepest feelings in a way that 99.9% of men never will...and a MAGICAL thing will instantly happen:
She'll start to see you as "boyfriend material"!
Now, this doesn't happen on a conscious level - but if you make a powerful, genuine, heart-felt effort to find out why a woman's feeling sad about something... or happy... or fearful.... or whatever... she'll receive the message loud and clear:
You're the one-in-a-million potential "Mr. Right" that actually CARES about her and actually GETS HER.
This is VERY powerful.
It creates attraction in a way that goes WAY beyond the whole "prince on a white horse' routine...
Basically, learn how to come across as the kind of man who knows how to connect with a woman in this way, and you'll be UNSTOPPABLE.
Here's how to start doing it:
Stop looking at just the surface of a woman... learn how to look within her to find the beautiful parts that aren't so obvious to everyone else.
Then, use your imagination and creativity to see opportunities for poetic comments... interesting stories... fascinating history.. an emotional interpretation to everything that's going on...and you'll sweep her right off her feet.
Also, be sure to let her know that you're spending the time to think about all this stuff... women LOVE to know that a man's thinking about them.
Even if you just tell a woman that you don't like it that she's going out with another guy, she'll love it, because it PROVES you were thinking about her, but in an indirect way.
Even better: try connecting with her emotionally by showing that you also spend your time thinking about the welfare of OTHERS.
This kind of unselfish compassion goes a LONG way toward helping a woman see you as "boyfriend" material."
So volunteer in a shelter. Help out folks who are less fortunate.
If it's REALLY in your heart to do all of this, it will send her heart to fluttering.
And like I say - much more importantly, you'll be doing good for the world, too.
Okay...
Want to learn a LOT more about my Fail-Proof Tip #1 for getting a great girlfriend FAST?
Then learn EXACTLY what it takes to CONNECT EMOTIONALLY with the woman you want... quickly... deeply... passionately... and then take things to the NEXT LEVEL with her.
It's all RIGHT HERE:
Meanwhile, onto:
FAIL-PROOF TIP #2: BE THE COCKIEST / FUNNIEST GUY IN THE ROOM
Listen, it's no big secret... humor and confidence are PROVEN biological aphrodisiacs to women.
In other words, if you can show a woman that you're in control and keep her laughing while you do it, everything will go your way no matter how you screw up otherwise... all because women are helplessly, magnetically drawn to men with a great confidence and a sense of humor.
No, naturally, this is tough to explain to some guys...
Lots of men take this advice and immediately start coming across as ‘overly arrogant', which is not what I mean at all.
The formula for how to do RIGHT it is actually very simple:
1. Speak in a highly confident way.
2. Add humor to make it funny instead of just arrogant and obnoxious.
Here's one of my most famous examples how to put this formula into action...
Let's say you're walking down the street with a woman and she says, "Hey, I like those shoes in the window."
You might answer, "You would".
Or, if you're talking to a woman who's wearing four inch heels, you could say, "What, are you four feet tall without the shoes?"
Basically, you're saying things that are funny while being arrogant at the same time.
Best of all, while it's obvious that you're making fun of her, it's not exactly clear what you mean.
This creates interest and intrigue as she tries to "figure you out."
But naturally, 99% of guys wouldn't dare to say things like this right away to a woman they LACK CONFIDENCE.
And I can totally understand it, because I used to be that way, too... that is, until I saw guys doing Cocky & Funny CORRECTLY with women, and therefore getting all the opportunities that I (and 99% of other guys) never got.
To get you started on the right path, I recommend that you watch Chevy Chase in "Caddyshack" or "Fletch". Pierce Brosnan was AWESOME at this in "The Thomas Crown Affair". Clarke Gable, of course, in "Gone With The Wind". Even Tom Cruise in "Top Gun" showed the kind of humor I'm talking about.
Want more SPECIFICS on how to cultivate the skill of being Cocky & Funny, including WORD-FOR- WORD responses and FAIL-PROOF IMPROVE techniques that WORK EVERY TIME?
Here you can get the INSTANT, 100% RISK- FREE crash course:
In the meantime, start trying to be Cocky & Funny on your own... you'll notice a mind-blowing difference in the way that women respond to you!
FAIL-PROOF TIP #3: LEARN WHAT IT REALLY MEANS TO "BE COOL"
Let's face it... characters like those just mentioned usually make the rest of us feel like "cool" is something we don't have enough of... can't get more of... and are doomed to fail with women because of our lack of.
Much worse:
Our attempts to fake "being cool" ruin any chance we actually have to build a long-lasting relationships with a great woman.
But here's the question:
Jason Bourne and James Bond aside, what exactly does it mean to "be cool" in the REAL world?
Well, despite what TV and movies have us believe, the only "cool" that really matters to women isn't about swagger, looks or money.
Genuine COOL is all about one thing only:
A man's INNER STRENGTH. Also know as the kind of strength that translates into personal confidence, control, and leadership.
It basically means being unaffected by the opinions of others.
It means seeing situations for what they really are without bitterness or paranoia.
It means being able to evaluate challenging situations in life, and then being quick to take mature, decisive action.
It means having the strength to do your own thing while encouraging others to do theirs as well.
But okay... how do you go about getting this kind of cool for YOURSELF?
First off, it's critical that you start PUSHING YOURSELF and TRYING NEW THINGS.
Because, fact is, the only way to TRULY be cool in ANY situation is to have faced a SIMILAR SITUATION at some time in the past.
The more experiences you can gather in your life, the greater the chances that you'll come across as cool in a FUTURE situation.
And -- most importantly -- you'll automatically "be cool" in situations that present themselves while you're with that great woman you want as a girlfriend!
So get out there and start experiencing new stuff IMMEDIATELY...
Maybe you want to learn more about different types of wine. Or maybe foreign movies.
Maybe you can start playing ice hockey instead of just shooting hoops all the time.
Do you understand ANYTHING about fashion? Have you ever even HEARD of Frank Sinatra?
I think you get the message.
If you'd like more SPECIFICS on how to become the kind of cool, in-control man you thought only existed in movies and TV, I suggest that you check this out:
Oh, and one more thing:
Remember that one of the MOST CRITICAL parts of coming across as "cool" is NEVER CHASING A WOMAN.
I can't say this enough...
Women who are true "girlfriend material" have guys chasing them all the time.
Calling them. Texting them. Constantly checking in.
Ugh. It's not pretty.
Like I said -- what YOU have to do to be successful is stand out from THAT pathetic, Wussy crowd.
Yet most guys sabotage themselves with their overwhelming impulse to chase a woman...
They try so hard to say "cool" things.
They act so nervous during a simple, casual conversation.
Worst of all, they act like a "wussy"... not daring to tease or bust on a woman because they're so scared they'll upset her.
All of this positively MURDERS any chance of ATTRACTION.
So STOP doing all that CHASING.
Which, conveniently, takes us to...
FAIL-PROOF TIP #4: STAY "IN CHARGE"
Okay, listen up:
It's another scientific fact that most women have an unconscious, helpless attraction to so- called "dominant" men...
Did you know that the dominant males in some primate groups account 75% of all matings (while the Wussiest of the hairy knuckle-draggers go home and watch Skin-A-Max all alone)?
Same goes for humans...
When a high-quality woman is looking for "boyfriend material," she's most likely to notice the kind of man who knows what he wants and goes after it.
In other words, one who comes across as "in charge" of his life.
BUT REMEMBER:
I'm NOT talking about the kind of "in charge" that makes a woman feel intimidated or uncomfortable. I AM talking about an assertiveness that's about setting goals and then going after them with passion.
Most women, particularly women looking for a BOYFRIEND, are magnetically drawn to this kind of assertiveness.
Why?
It's because desirable women are accustomed to being held up on pedestals.
Like I said above -- they're used to being CHASED by men all day long.
So... want an EASY way stand out from the other apes who hit on a woman all day long?
Then show her that you're IN CHARGE.
Be a CHALLENGE her.
Act indifferent and aloof.
Make her think that you're only calling because you're bored.
Act disinterested sexually in her.
These behaviors drive a high-quality woman crazy! It practically makes them obsess over you (even though they'll NEVER, EVER admit it.)
Bottom line on this one:
If YOU need to amp-up your assertiveness level and "in-charge" inner confidence, I want to help.
I've discovered there's only 1 way to do it... and it involves totally "overhauling" what I call your "Inner Game."
Learn about it here:
Finally, on to:
FAIL-PROOF TIP #5: HAVE FUN!
Time to talk about your ULTIMATE WEAPON for creating INSTANT ATTRACTION (and therefore having your pick of great girlfriends)...
I'm talking about being just plain FUN.
I can't say it enough. In fact, I recently wrote a whole newsletter about this being the #1 way to "close the deal" with a woman...
No two ways about it, this is the big one:
Absolutely nothing is a bigger turn-off to a great woman than a guy who's a total buzz-kill.
All women -- especially the ones who make a great girlfriend -- are looking for a man who likes to have fun and do adventurous, unusual, even dangerous things.
It's instantly intriguing to a woman. It's immediately enticing. It's an escape from the hum- drum of every day.
Women absolutely go out of their way to spend time with a genuinely "fun" guy who makes their whole life more enjoyable.
So remember...
One of the biggest mistakes men make to blow it with a woman is being completely boring and predictable.
And that instantly kills the two things that all women are desperately searching for in longer- term relationships:
A) EXCITEMENT here and now.
b) ANTICIPATION of a FUN FUTURE. Deliver them both, and you're GOLDEN.
So mix things up and keep her guessing. Don't always call when you say you will. Go here instead of there. Do this instead of that.
Get the picture? Keep her guessing and you'll have no problem ramping up the fun and keeping her attention.
This is absolutely crucial because boring predictability is LETHAL to ANY relationship...
Let alone when you're looking for that perfect GIRLFRIEND!
Okay, that about wraps things up for now.
Sorry if I went on and on, but it's because I never stop hearing it:
Too many of you guys still think that it takes movie-star looks and rock-star money to get a great girlfriend...
But YOU'RE DEAD-WRONG.
And I don't want YOU to waste your life NOT experiencing what it's like to have a great girlfriend because of it.
So listen to your Zen-Yogi-Jedi Master David D., on this one...
Start SAYING and DOING the simple things that create UNSTOPPABLE ATTRACTION inside a woman... the things that set you apart from 99% of all other guys...
... and YOUR dream of getting a great girlfriend will finally COME TRUE.
Your friend,
David D.
PS: Ever wonder if it's possible for a "regular" guy like you to do MORE than just get a girlfriend... but actually get one who's an off- the-hook, super-hot, smart and exciting "Total 10"?
I'm here to tell you that I know it IS possible...
... because I did it!
And now I want to share the jaw-droppingly simple "magic secrets" of how YOU can do it too...
Check this out NOW:

BIOS

One of the most common uses of Flash memory is for the basic input/output system of your computer, commonly known as the BIOS (pronounced "bye-ose"). On virtually every computer available, the BIOS makes sure all the other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together.
Every desktop and laptop computer in common use today contains a microprocessor as its central processing unit. The microprocessor is the hardware component. To get its work done, the microprocessor executes a set of instructions known as software (see How Microprocessors Work for details). You are probably very familiar with two different types of software:
  • The operating system - The operating system provides a set of services for the applications running on your computer, and it also provides the fundamental user interface for your computer. Windows 98 and Linux are examples of operating systems. (See How Operating Systems Work for lots of details.)
  • The applications - Applications are pieces of software that are programmed to perform specific tasks. On your computer right now you probably have a browser application, a word processing application, an e-mail application and so on. You can also buy new applications and install them.
­It turns out that the BIOS is the third type of software your computer needs to operate successfully. In this article, you'll learn all about BIOS -- what it does, how to configure it and what to do if your BIOS needs updating.

The Importance of Memory Management in C

The Importance of Memory Management in C

One of the things that makes C such a versatile language is that the programmer can scale down a program to run with a very small amount of memory. When C was first written, this was an important feature because computers weren't nearly as powerful as they are today. With the current demand for small electronics, from mobile phones to tiny medical devices, there's a renewed interest in keeping the memory requirements small for some software. C is the go-to language for most programmers who need a lot of control over memory usage.
To better understand the importance of memory management, consider how a program uses memory. When you first run a program, it loads into your computer's memory and begins to execute by sending and receiving instructions from the computer's processor. When the program needs to run a particular function, it loads that function into yet another part of memory for the duration of its run, then abandons that memory when the function is complete. Plus, each new piece of data used in the main program takes up memory for the duration of the program.
If you want more control over all this, you need dynamic storage allocation. C supports dynamic storage allocation, which is the ability to reserve memory as you need it and free that memory as soon as you're finished using it. Many programming languages have automatic memory allocation and garbage collection that handle these memory management tasks. C, though, allows (and in some cases requires) you to be explicit about memory allocation with the following key functions from the standard C library:
  • malloc -- Short for memory allocation, malloc is used to reserve a block of memory of a given size to story a certain type of data your program needs to process. When you use malloc, you're creating a pointer to the allocated memory. This isn't necessary for a single piece of data, such as one integer, which is allocated as soon as you first declare it (as in int i). However, it is an important part of creating and managing data structures such as arrays. Alternate memory allocation options in C are calloc, which also clears the memory when it's reserved, and realloc, which resizes previously reserved memory.
  • free -- Use free to force your program to free the memory previously assigned to a given pointer.
Best practice when using malloc and free is that anything you allocate should be freed. Whenever you allocate something, even in a temporary function, it remains in memory until the operating system cleans up the space. To ensure that memory is free and ready to use immediately, though, you should free it before the current function exits. This memory management means you can keep your program's memory footprint to a minimum and avoid memory leaks. A memory leak is a program flaw in which it continues using more and more memory until there's none left to allocate, causing the program to stall or crash. On the other hand, don't get so anxious about freeing memory that you free up, and thus lose, something that you need later in the same function.
Throughout this article, you've learned some of the basic structure and core concepts of the C programming language. We've looked at its history, the characteristics it has in common with other programming languages and the important features that make it a unique and versatile option for coding software. Launch over to the next page for lots more information, including some programming guides that will carry you further on your journey into C.

Don't Start from Scratch, Use Libraries Libraries are very important in C because the C language supports only the most basic features that it needs. For example, C doesn't contain input-output (I/O) functions to read from the keyboard and write to the screen. Anything that extends beyond the basics must be written by a programmer. If the chunk of code is useful to multiple different programs, it's often put into a library to make it easily reusable. In our discussion of C so far, we've already seen one library, the standard I/O (stdio) library. The #include line at the beginning of the program instructed the C compiler to loaded the library from its header file named stdio.h. C maintainers include standard C libraries for I/O, mathematical functions, time manipulation and common operations on certain data structures, such as a string of characters. Search the Web or your favorite C programming guide for information about the C89 standard library and the updates and additions in C99. You, too, can write C libraries. By doing so, you can split your program into reusable modules. This modular approach not only makes it easy to include the same code in multiple programs, but it also makes for shorter program files which are easier to read, test and debug. To use the functions within a header file, add a #include line for it at the beginning of your program. For standard libraries, put the name of the library's corresponding header file between greater-than and less-than signs (). For libraries you create yourself, put the name of the file between double quotes. Unlike statements in other parts of your C program, you don't have to put a semicolon at the end of each line. The following shows including one of each type of library: #include #include "mylib.h" A comprehensive C programming source should provide the instructions you need to write your own libraries in C. The function definitions you'll write are not any different whether they're in a library or in your main program. The difference is that you'll compile them separately in something called an object file (with a name ending in .o), and you'll create a second file, called a header file (with a name ending in .h) which contains the function prototypes corresponding to each function in the library. It's the header file you'll reference in your #include line in each main program that uses your library, and you'll include the object file as an argument in the compiler command each time you compile that program. The C features we've explored so far are typical in other programming languages, too. Next, though, we'll talk about how C manages your computer's memory.

Don't Start from Scratch, Use Libraries

Libraries are very important in C because the C language supports only the most basic features that it needs. For example, C doesn't contain input-output (I/O) functions to read from the keyboard and write to the screen. Anything that extends beyond the basics must be written by a programmer. If the chunk of code is useful to multiple different programs, it's often put into a library to make it easily reusable.
In our discussion of C so far, we've already seen one library, the standard I/O (stdio) library. The #include line at the beginning of the program instructed the C compiler to loaded the library from its header file named stdio.h. C maintainers include standard C libraries for I/O, mathematical functions, time manipulation and common operations on certain data structures, such as a string of characters. Search the Web or your favorite C programming guide for information about the C89 standard library and the updates and additions in C99.
You, too, can write C libraries. By doing so, you can split your program into reusable modules. This modular approach not only makes it easy to include the same code in multiple programs, but it also makes for shorter program files which are easier to read, test and debug.
To use the functions within a header file, add a #include line for it at the beginning of your program. For standard libraries, put the name of the library's corresponding header file between greater-than and less-than signs (). For libraries you create yourself, put the name of the file between double quotes. Unlike statements in other parts of your C program, you don't have to put a semicolon at the end of each line. The following shows including one of each type of library:
#include
#include "mylib.h"
A comprehensive C programming source should provide the instructions you need to write your own libraries in C. The function definitions you'll write are not any different whether they're in a library or in your main program. The difference is that you'll compile them separately in something called an object file (with a name ending in .o), and you'll create a second file, called a header file (with a name ending in .h) which contains the function prototypes corresponding to each function in the library. It's the header file you'll reference in your #include line in each main program that uses your library, and you'll include the object file as an argument in the compiler command each time you compile that program.
The C features we've explored so far are typical in other programming languages, too. Next, though, we'll talk about how C manages your computer's memory.
Libraries are very important in C because the C language supports only the most basic features that it needs. For example, C doesn't contain input-output (I/O) functions to read from the keyboard and write to the screen. Anything that extends beyond the basics must be written by a programmer. If the chunk of code is useful to multiple different programs, it's often put into a library to make it easily reusable.
In our discussion of C so far, we've already seen one library, the standard I/O (stdio) library. The #include line at the beginning of the program instructed the C compiler to loaded the library from its header file named stdio.h. C maintainers include standard C libraries for I/O, mathematical functions, time manipulation and common operations on certain data structures, such as a string of characters. Search the Web or your favorite C programming guide for information about the C89 standard library and the updates and additions in C99.
You, too, can write C libraries. By doing so, you can split your program into reusable modules. This modular approach not only makes it easy to include the same code in multiple programs, but it also makes for shorter program files which are easier to read, test and debug.
To use the functions within a header file, add a #include line for it at the beginning of your program. For standard libraries, put the name of the library's corresponding header file between greater-than and less-than signs (). For libraries you create yourself, put the name of the file between double quotes. Unlike statements in other parts of your C program, you don't have to put a semicolon at the end of each line. The following shows including one of each type of library:
#include
#include "mylib.h"
A comprehensive C programming source should provide the instructions you need to write your own libraries in C. The function definitions you'll write are not any different whether they're in a library or in your main program. The difference is that you'll compile them separately in something called an object file (with a name ending in .o), and you'll create a second file, called a header file (with a name ending in .h) which contains the function prototypes corresponding to each function in the library. It's the header file you'll reference in your #include line in each main program that uses your library, and you'll include the object file as an argument in the compiler command each time you compile that program.
The C features we've explored so far are typical in other programming languages, too. Next, though, we'll talk about how C manages your computer's memory.


Some Pointers about Pointers in C

When your C program is loaded into memory (typically the random-access memory, or RAM, in your computer), each piece of the program is associated with an address in memory. This includes the variables you're using to hold certain data. Each time your program calls a function, it loads that function and all of its associated data into memory just long enough to run that function and return a value. If you pass parameters to the function, C automatically makes a copy of the value to use in the function.
Sometimes when you run a function, though, you want to make some permanent change to the data at its original memory location. If C makes a copy of data to use in the function, the original data remains unchanged. If you want to change that original data, you have to pass a pointer to its memory address (pass by reference) instead of passing its value to the function (pass by value).
Pointers are used everywhere in C, so if you want to use the C language fully you have to have a good understanding of pointers. A pointer is a variable like other variables, but its purpose is to store the memory address of some other data. The pointer also has a data type so it knows how to recognize the bits at that memory address.
When you look at two variables side-by-side in C code, you may not always recognize the pointer. This can be a challenge for even the most experienced C programmers. When you first create a pointer, though, it's more obvious because there must be an asterisk immediately before the variable name. This is known as the indirection operator in C. The following example code creates an integer i and a pointer to an integer p:
int i;
int *p;
Currently there is no value assigned to either i or p. Next, let's assign a value to i and then assign p to point to the address of i.
i = 3;
p = &i;
Here you can see the ampersand (&) used as the address operator immediately before i, meaning the "address of i." You don't have to know what that address is to make the assignment. That's good, because it will likely be different every time you run the program! Instead, the address operator will determine the address associated with that variable while the program is running. Without the address operator, the assignment p=i would assign p the memory address of 3, literally, rather than the memory address of the variable i.
Next, let's look at how you can use pointers in C code and the challenges you'll want to be prepared for.

Using Pointers Correctly in C

Once you have a pointer, you can use that in place of a variable of the same data type in operations and function calls. In the following example, the pointer to i is used instead of i within a larger operation. The asterisk used with the p (*p) indicates that the operation should use the value that p is pointing to at that memory address, not the memory address itself:
int b;
b = *p + 2;
Without pointers, it's nearly impossible to divide tasks into functions outside of main in your C program. To illustrate this, consider you've created a variable in main called h that stores the user's height to the nearest centimeter. You also call a function you've written named setHeight that prompts the user to set that height value. The lines in your main function might look something like this:
int h;
setHeight(h); /* There is a potential problem here. */
This function call will try to pass the value of h to setHeight. However, when the function finishes running, the value of h will be unchanged because the function only used a copy of it and then discarded it when it finished running.
If you want to change h itself, you should first ensure that the function can take a pointer to an existing value rather than a new copy of a value. The first line of setHeight, then, would use a pointer instead of a value as its parameter (note the indirection operator):
setHeight(int *height) { /* Function statements go here */ }
Then, you have two choices for calling setHeight. The first is to use the address operator for h as the passed parameter (&h). The other is to create a separate pointer to h and pass that instead. The following shows both options:
setHeight(&h); /* Pass the address of h to the function */
int *p;
p = &h;
setHeight(p); /* Pass a separate pointer to the address of h to the function */
The second option reveals a common challenge when using pointers. The challenge is having multiple pointers to the same value. This means that any change in that one value affects all its pointers at once. This could be a good or bad thing, depending on what you're trying to accomplish in your program. Again, mastering the use of pointers is an important key to mastering C programming. Practice with pointers as much as possible so you'll be ready to face these challenges.
The C features we've explored so far are typical in other programming languages, too. Next, though, we'll look at C's demands for careful memory management.

Data Types and Operations in C

Data Types and Operations in C

From your computer's perspective, data is nothing but a series of ones and zeros representing on and off states for the electronic bits on your hard drive or in your computer's processor or memory. It's the software you're running on a computer that determines how to make sense of those billions of binary digits. C is one of few high-level languages that can easily manipulate data at the bit level in addition to interpreting the data based on a given data type.
A data type is a small set of rules that indicate how to make sense of a series of bits. The data type has a specific size plus its own way of performing operations (such as adding and multiplying) on data of that type. In C, the size of the data type is related to the processor you're using. For example, in C99, a piece of data of the integer data type (int) is 16 bits long in a 16-bit processor while for 32-bit and 64-bit processors it's 32 bits long.
Another important thing for C programmers to know is how the language handles signed and unsigned data types. A signed type means that one of its bits is reserved as the indicator for whether it's a positive or negative number. So, while an unsigned int on a 16-bit system can handle numbers between 0 and 65,535, a signed in on the same system can handle numbers between -32,768 and 32,767. If an operation causes an int variable to go beyond its range, the programmer has to handle the overflow with additional code.
Given these constraints and system-specific peculiarities in C data types and operations, C programmers must choose their data types based on the needs of their programs. Some of the data types they can choose are the primitive data types in C, meaning those built in to the C programming language. Look to your favorite C programming guide for a complete list of the data types in C and important information about how to convert data from one type to another.
C programmers can also create data structures, which combine primitive data types and a set of functions that define how the data can be organized and manipulated. Though the use of data structures is an advanced programming topic and beyond the scope of this article, we will take a look at one of the most common structures: arrays. An array is a virtual list containing pieces of data that are all the same data type. An array's size can't be changed, though its contents can be copied to other larger or smaller arrays.
Though programmers often use arrays of numbers, character arrays, called strings, have the most unique features. A string allows you to save something you might say (like "hello") into a series of characters, which your C program can read in from the user or print out on the screen. String manipulation has such a unique set of operations, it has its own dedicated C library (string.h) with your typical string functions.
The built-in operations in C are the typical operations you'd find in most programming languages. When you're combining several operations into a single statement, be sure to know the operator precedence, or the order in which the program will perform each operation in a mathematical expression. For example, (2+5)*3 equals 21 while 2+5*3 equals 17, because C will perform multiplication before addition unless there are parentheses indicating otherwise.
If you're learning C, make it a priority to familiarize yourself with all of its primitive data types and operations and the precedence for operations in the same expression. Also, experiment with different operations on variables and numbers of different data types.
At this point, you've scratched the surface of some important C basics. Next, though, let's look at how C enables you to write programs without starting from scratch every time.


Don't Start from Scratch, Use Libraries

Libraries are very important in C because the C language supports only the most basic features that it needs. For example, C doesn't contain input-output (I/O) functions to read from the keyboard and write to the screen. Anything that extends beyond the basics must be written by a programmer. If the chunk of code is useful to multiple different programs, it's often put into a library to make it easily reusable.
In our discussion of C so far, we've already seen one library, the standard I/O (stdio) library. The #include line at the beginning of the program instructed the C compiler to loaded the library from its header file named stdio.h. C maintainers include standard C libraries for I/O, mathematical functions, time manipulation and common operations on certain data structures, such as a string of characters. Search the Web or your favorite C programming guide for information about the C89 standard library and the updates and additions in C99.
You, too, can write C libraries. By doing so, you can split your program into reusable modules. This modular approach not only makes it easy to include the same code in multiple programs, but it also makes for shorter program files which are easier to read, test and debug.
To use the functions within a header file, add a #include line for it at the beginning of your program. For standard libraries, put the name of the library's corresponding header file between greater-than and less-than signs (). For libraries you create yourself, put the name of the file between double quotes. Unlike statements in other parts of your C program, you don't have to put a semicolon at the end of each line. The following shows including one of each type of library:
#include
#include "mylib.h"
A comprehensive C programming source should provide the instructions you need to write your own libraries in C. The function definitions you'll write are not any different whether they're in a library or in your main program. The difference is that you'll compile them separately in something called an object file (with a name ending in .o), and you'll create a second file, called a header file (with a name ending in .h) which contains the function prototypes corresponding to each function in the library. It's the header file you'll reference in your #include line in each main program that uses your library, and you'll include the object file as an argument in the compiler command each time you compile that program.
The C features we've explored so far are typical in other programming languages, too. Next, though, we'll talk about how C manages your computer's memory.